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Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs) are crucial components of Internet infrastructure, serving as unique identifiers for networks that manage a collection of IP addresses.
Each ASN is associated with a specific routing policy, enabling the efficient exchange of routing information between different networks.
The Internet is structured as a collection of Autonomous Systems (AS), which are groups of IP networks and routers under the control of a single organization.
These systems facilitate communication across the Internet by ensuring that data packets can traverse multiple networks seamlessly.

An ASN allows network operators to define their routing policies and manage the flow of data within their networks.
ASNs are categorized into two formats: 2-byte (16-bit) and 4-byte (32-bit), with the latter introduced to accommodate the growing number of networks.
The transition to 4-byte ASNs began in 2007, allowing for a vastly larger range of identifiers.
There are three types of ASNs:

• Multi-homed AS: Connects to multiple ASes for redundancy.
• Stub AS: Connects to only one other AS.
• Transit AS: Acts as a bridge between multiple ASes, facilitating data transfer even between unassociated networks.

Bogon IPs refer to IP addresses that are not allocated to any organization and are therefore considered invalid for routing on the public Internet.
These addresses can include private IP ranges and unallocated addresses. Using bogon IPs can lead to connectivity issues and security risks, as they may be associated with malicious activities or misconfigured networks.
Network administrators often implement filtering rules to block traffic from bogon IPs to maintain network integrity and security.

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol and is widely used to identify devices on a network through an addressing system. An IPv4 address consists of four octets, represented as decimal numbers separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.1.1). he total number of unique IPv4 addresses is approximately 4.3 billion, which has led to the exhaustion of available addresses, prompting the transition to IPv6, which offers a vastly larger address space.